4.3.1

Define the terms force, speed, velocity, displacement, acceleration, momentum, and impulse.

Force: (vector) the mechanical interactions between two objects or bodies. Measured in Newtons (N).     F=ma  

Speed: (scalar) the distance an object travels per unit of time.  speed=distance/t

Velocity: (vector) the speed of an object in a certain direction. The displacement per unit time.                 V=d/t

Displacement: (vector) how far and in what direction is the end position from the starting position.

Acceleration: (vector) the change in an objects velocity over a certain amount of time.       a=Δv/Δt

Momentum: (vector) the property an object has due to its movement. Momentum is the mass of an object times its velocity.      p=mv

Impulse: (vector) force multiplies by the time it acts.     J=Ft=mΔv

4.2.5

Explain delay onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in relation to eccentric and concentric muscle contraction.

DOMS results primarily for eccentric muscle action and is associated with structural muscle damage, inflammatory reactions in the muscle, over stretching, and overtraining.

DOMS is prevented/minimized by reducing the eccentric component of muscle action during early training, starting training at low intensity and gradually increasing the intensity, and warming up before exercise, cooling down after exercise. 

4.2.4

Analyze movements in relation to joint action and muscle contraction.

For example, during the upward motion of a bicep curl the joint action is flexion. The bicep (agonist) contracts concentrically while the triceps (antagonist) relax.

4.2.3

Explain the concept of reciprocal inhibition.

Muscles on one side of a joint relax while the other side is contracting.

The agonist is the muscle that causes movement or is the muscle that is contracting. The antagonist muscle relaxes as the agonist contracts.

4.2.2

Outline the types of muscle contraction.

Isotonic: increase in load on the muscles (concentric and eccentric muscle contractions).

Isometric: Muscles generates force without changing length (ex: plank).

Isokinetic: the speed of the movement is fixed and the resistance varies with force exerted (needs special equipment).

Concentric: muscle is shortening during contraction.

Eccentric: muscle is contracting while lengthening.

4.2.1

Outline the types of movement of synovial joints.

Flexion: decreases the angle between articulating elements and closes the joint.

Extension: Movement that increases the angle between articulating elements opening the joint.

Abduction: movement away from the body’s center/midline.

Adduction: Movement towards the body’s center/midline.

Pronation: rotating palm down (or foot inward).

Supination: rotating palm up (or foot out).

Elevation: refers to movement in a superior direction.

Depression: refers to movement in an inferior direction.

Rotation: turning the body around the longitudinal axis. (Transvers plane)

Circumduction: tri-planer, circle motion at hip or shoulder.

Dorsi flexion: refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly.

Planter flexion: refers extension at the ankle, so that the foot points more inferiorly.

Eversion: when the ankle rolls inward.

Inversion: when the ankle rolls outward.