1.2.5

Identify the location of skeletal muscle in various regions of the body

1.2.4

Define the terms origin and insertion of muscles.

Origin: the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone (usually more superior).

Insertion: the attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone (usually more inferior).

1.2.3

Annotate the structure of a skeletal muscle.

1.2.2

Distinguish between the different types of muscle.

Smooth: lines the insides of hallow organs (intestine, stomach, blood vessels); NOT striated; contracts slower (but for long periods of time); involuntary control; aids in digestion (in the stomach); small, spindle shaped.

Cardiac: found in the walls of the heart; FINELY striated; involuntary control; pumps blood and is responsible for heartbeat; branched, short, cylindrical; uninucleate or binucleate.

Skeletal: found everywhere; HEAVILY striated; voluntary control; contracts to help with posture and accounts for movement of the body parts; long, thick, unbranched, cylindrical; multinucleate.

1.2.1

Outline the general characteristics common to muscle tissue.

1. Contractility: shortening of the muscle
2. Extensibility: the ability of the muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length (lengthening of the muscle)
3. Elasticity: ability of muscle to return to its original shape and size after being stretched
4. Atrophy: the loss/deterioration of muscle
5. Hypertrophy: gaining of muscle (getting larger/ more muscle cells)
6. Excitability: ability to respond quickly to stimuli
7. Controlled by nerve stimuli
8. Fed by capillaries

1.1.10

List the different types of synovial joints.

1. Hinge
2. Ball and Socket
3. Condyloid
4. Pivot
5. Gliding
6. Saddle

1.1.9

Outline the features of a synovial joint.

Articular cartilage: layer of cartilage that covers articulating surfaces of the bones (usually hyaline but can be fibrocartilage). Its function is to reduce friction, absorb sock, and protect the bones. It varies in thickness depending on the amount of stress that it is exposed to.

Synovial membrane: lines the inside of the capsule and secretes synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid: released by the synovial membrane. Has the consistency and appearance of uncooked egg whites. It lubricates the joint cavity, reduces friction, and provides nutrients to the cartilage.

Bursae: small, fluid-filled sacs found where two structures rub together (between ligament and bone/tendon and bone/skin and bone). Provide lubrication and therefore reduce friction.

Meniscus: discs of fibrocartilage that are found between some articulation bones (usually between bones that are not well matched in shape). It allows for bones to fit together more tightly. Provides greater cushioning and stability to the joint.

Ligaments: connects bone to bone and provides support.

Articular capsule: a sleeve-like structure that surrounds a joint. It is flexible enough to allow movement while also preventing dislocation. (In some cases the fibers of the capsule are arranged in parallel bundles to form ligaments, which provide support.)

1.1.8

Distinguish between the different types of joints in relation to movement permitted.

Fibrous: synarthrosis (fixed/no movement)

Cartilaginous: amphiarthrosis (limited movement)

Synovial: diarthrosis (full range of movement)- these are the most important joints from mobility.

1.1.7

Define the term joint.

Joint: Where two or more bones come in contact or articulate with one another.

1.1.6

Outline the functions of connective tissues.

Cartilage: reduce friction, reduces shock, and protect the bones (articular cartilage between bones)

Ligament: Connects bone to bone

Tendon: Connects muscle to bone

1.1.5

Apply anatomical terminology to the location of bones.

Inferior: below or further away from the head

            Ex: The pelvic girdle is inferior to the sternum.

Superior: above or nearer to the head

            Ex: The rib cage is superior to the patella.

Proximal: nearer to where a limb attaches to the body

            Ex: The Humerus is Proximal to the radius.

Distal: further away from where a limb attaches to the body

            Ex: The Fibula is distal to the femur.

Medial: closer to the midline of the body

            Ex: The sternum is medial to the humerus.

Lateral: further away from the midline of the body

            Ex: The phalanges are lateral to the rib cage.

Posterior: behind or nearer to the back

            Ex: The vertebral column is posterior to the sternum.

Anterior: in front of or nearer to the front

            Ex: The sternum is anterior to the vertebral column

1.1.4

Draw and annotate the structure of a long bone.

1.1.3

State the four types of bone.

1. Long Bone
2. Short Bone
3. Flat Bone
4. Irregular Bone

1.1.2

Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of function.

1. Axial: Encloses important structures of the body and therefore its main function is to provide protection. In addition, the vertebral column provides support, maintains upright balance, and absorbs shock during weight-bearing exercise. The vertebral column also supports the head, encloses and protects the spinal cord, transmits weight from the body to the legs, and provides attachment points for the ribs and muscles of the back.
2. Appendicular: involved in movement.