2.2.16

Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption with different modes of exercise. 

Cycling

Running

Arm ergometry

Levels of maximal oxygen consumption may vary across different modes of exercise because of their level of intensity and how they target the body's need for cardiovascular support. For example, cycling may have a different level of maximal oxygen consumption than running because of its level of intensity in comparison to running. The level of maximal oxygen consumption is then varied because of this difference in intensity.

Running then cycleing then arm (using more part of the body)

2.2.15

Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in selected groups.

Trained > untrained

• Trained will have higher VO₂max levels although training can only increase your VO₂max to a certain point, it is partially due to genetics
• Trained athletes are able to demonstrate their full cardio-respiratory potential, whilst untrained athletes yield fatigued muscles and are only able to reach sub-maximal levels.

Male > female

• Females body composition affects their absolute VO₂max when compared to males (females have a higher fat composition)
• Females also have lower levels of hemoglobin than males
• Heart size scales in proportion to lean body size, so therefore the male heart is usually bigger than the female heart. Stronger pump results in an increase in MAX VO².

AGE

• VO₂max peaks around age 20 for males and mid teens for females
• It is lower during childhood and gradually increases until peak
• It then steadily declines as one ages
• However, a trained 60 year old can have a higher VO₂max than a untrained, overweight 30 year old

Athlete > non-athlete

• Athletes will need less oxygen to be pumped to the muscles because they have better endurance allowing them to go longer without getting as tired.

2.2.14

Explain maximal oxygen consumption.

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max) represents the functional capacity of the oxygen transport system and is sometimes referred to as maximal aerobic power or aerobic capacity.

This reflects the amount of oxygen that the heart can pump and how much oxygen the skeletal muscles can use when exercising. It measures cardio-respiratory capacity (more oxygen you can process the faster you can go). It is partially genetically determined, though training can sometime increase. It can be measured by a test on a treadmill with the use of tubes and special equipment. When oxygen consumption no longer increases with increases intensity, the VO₂max is reached.

Gives one an idea about their potential.

2.2.13

Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training.

Increased left ventricular volume results in an increased stroke volume and a lower resting heart rate (max heart rate is actually unchanged it just required a higher intensity workout for longer time periods). More capillaries are present in trained individuals so blood can more efficiently supply muscles with oxygen. There is also an increase in the aterio-venous oxygen difference.

2.2.12

Compare the distribution of blood at rest and the redistribution of blood during exercise.

Blood flow to the Brain remains the same.

Blood flow to the heart, muscles, and skin all increase during exercise.

Blood flow to the kidneys, stomach, and intestines all decrease during exercise.

Which of the following all have an increase of blood flow during exercise?

I. Heart, muscles, skin.

II. Kidneys, stomach, intestines.

III. Brain, skin, stomach

IV. Heart, muscles, brain.

A. I only

B. I and IV

C. II and IV

D. All have an increase in blood flow.

2.2.11

Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise. 

Dynamic exercise is that which requires muscular movement and elevated heart rate.

Yoga is a good example of static exercise.

2.2.3

Describe the anatomy of the heart with reference to the heart chambers, valves, and major blood vessels.

2.2.10

Analyze systolic and diastolic blood pressure data at rest and during exercise

At rest the systolic and diastolic pressure is lower than that during exercise.

The systolic pressure raises more than the diastolic pressure does during exercise.

The blood pressure will be higher during exercise due to more strain on the muscles and the heart having to pump harder in order to get the blood to the muscles.

Exercise reduces resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults.

*Add definitions of systolic and diastolic when responding to this assessment statement for easy marks

2.2.9

Define the terms systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Systolic: the force exerted by blood on arterial walled during ventricular contraction.

Diastolic: the force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation.

2.2.8

Explain cardiovascular drift.

An increase of body temperature results in a lower venous return to the heart, a small decrease in blood volume from sweating which increases the viscosity of the blood. A reduction in stroke volume causes the heart rate to increase to maintain cardiac output. The heart has to pump harder to get the more viscous blood through.

2.2.7

Analyze cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for populations a rest and during exercise.

Males vs. Females

• Females have a higher Heart rate than those of men at max.
• Their stroke volume is lower than that of men at max
• Their cardiac output is lower than men at max. 

Young vs. Old

• Older people do have a slightly higher cardiac output than children.
• Children have a higher over all heart rate and lower stroke volume
• Adults have lower heart rate but higher stroke volume

Trained vs. Untrained

• A trained person has a higher cardiac output than a untrained person
• The trained resting heart rate is lower at rest but same at max
• The stroke volume is always higher for a trained